Study area

Risk perception for Irish learner drivers

Lessons, rules and practice questions on risk perception.

Risk perception is one of the study areas behind the driver theory test in Ireland, where the car test asks 40 questions in 45 minutes and 35 correct answers pass. This lesson gives the rules, the law behind them and questions on this area. Source: Citizens Information, page edited 6 May 2026, checked on 15 September 2026.

Lessons in this area

The general drink driving limits are 50 milligrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood, 67 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of urine and 22 microgrammes per 100 millilitres of breath.

The specimen is measured within three hours of driving, and these are the limits for a driver who is not a specified person.

Source: Irish Statute Book, Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4(2)(a), (3)(a) and (4)(a), checked on 2026-09-15

Risk perception asks what speed, weather and your own state do to the distance you need in order to stop. Alcohol, drugs, medicines, tiredness and distraction sit here, and so do following distance and road holding. Part of the area is law and part is advice, and every rule below says which it is.

The rules

  1. Drive no faster than lets you stop within the distance you can see to be clear.

    The only rule on stopping distance in the instruments read, and it sets no number.

    Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) Regulations 1997, article 7
  2. Advice, not law: in dry conditions the Road Safety Authority gives a total minimum stopping distance of 25 metres at 50 km/h, 70 metres at 100 km/h and 102 metres at 120 km/h.

    No Irish instrument sets these numbers, so an answer that calls them a legal requirement is wrong even when the figures themselves are right.

    Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026, stopping distance table (PDF page 125)
  3. Advice, not law: leave at least a two second gap in dry conditions, double it in the wet, and leave far more again in snow, fog or ice.

    No instrument read sets a following distance, so this is guidance rather than a rule you are prosecuted under.

    Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026, the two second rule (PDF page 117)
  4. The general drink driving limits are 50 milligrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood, 67 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of urine and 22 microgrammes per 100 millilitres of breath.

    The specimen is measured within three hours of driving, and these are the limits for a driver who is not a specified person.

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4(2)(a), (3)(a) and (4)(a)
  5. A specified person has lower limits: 20 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of blood, 27 per 100 millilitres of urine and 9 microgrammes per 100 millilitres of breath.

    Twenty is not zero, and that is the trap. On the breath figure the official sources disagree, because the Act says 9 microgrammes while a Citizens Information page writes 9mg.

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4(2)(b), (3)(b) and (4)(b)
  6. Driving with cannabis, cocaine or heroin in your blood at or above the level set in law is an offence whether or not your driving is impaired.

    A separate offence covers driving while so affected by an intoxicant that you cannot properly control the vehicle.

    Road Traffic Act 2016, section 8(a), inserting section 4(1A) and (1B) of the Road Traffic Act 2010
  7. Do not hold a mobile phone while driving. Holding covers supporting or cradling it with any part of your body, and a hands-free device is not a mobile phone for this rule.

    The defence is a call to the emergency services or a genuine emergency.

    Road Traffic Act 2006, section 3(1), (3), (7) and (9)

Quick check

3 questions on the rules above before you read on.

1 of 3
  1. Question 1

    After a collision in which a person is injured and needs medical help, which preliminary specimens must a Garda require from the driver?

    • AA blood specimen and a urine specimen
    • BA breath specimen and an oral fluid specimenCorrect answer
    • CA urine specimen and a hair specimen
    • DA breath specimen only
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: B

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 9 requires preliminary breath and oral fluid specimens after an injury collision.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic Act 2016 (No. 21 of 2016) and the Road Traffic Act 2024 (No. 10 of 2024), Section 9(1), (2), (2A), (2C) and (3), checked on 2026-09-15.

  2. Question 2

    When can an alcohol concentration be used for the drink driving limits after a person drove?

    • AWhen it is found within 3 hours after drivingCorrect answer
    • BOnly when it is found while the vehicle is moving
    • COnly when it is found within 30 minutes after driving
    • DWhenever it is found on the following day
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: A

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4 provides that the concentration counts when it is found within 3 hours after driving.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), Section 4(2)(a), (3)(a) and (4)(a), checked on 2026-09-15.

  3. Question 3

    A Garda is of the opinion that a driver has consumed an intoxicant. What must the Garda require?

    • AA driving lesson before continuing
    • BA written statement from a passenger
    • CPreliminary breath and oral fluid testsCorrect answer
    • DA vehicle inspection only
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: C

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 9 requires preliminary breath and oral fluid tests where a Garda forms that opinion.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic Act 2016 (No. 21 of 2016) and the Road Traffic Act 2024 (No. 10 of 2024), Section 9(1), (2), (2A), (2C) and (3), checked on 2026-09-15.

Is there a legal stopping distance in Ireland?

No. The instruments read set a duty and no number: you drive so that you can stop within the distance you can see to be clear. The metres people learn come from the Rules of the Road, where they are advice, so a driver who hits something inside that distance has broken the duty whatever the table says.

What is the drink driving limit for a learner or a novice driver?

Twenty milligrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood, against 50 for other drivers. The same lower band covers a driver in the first two years after a first full licence, a taxi driver at work, a driver of a truck, bus or work vehicle while driving one, and anyone driving unlicensed.

On the road

Choosing a speed on a wet national road at night

  1. You are on a national road with no lower limit signed, so the default of 100 km/h applies.

  2. It is dark and raining, dipped headlights show clear road for about 60 metres, and oncoming traffic keeps you off full beam.

  3. Article 7 is the test: no faster than lets you stop inside the distance you can see to be clear, which tonight is 60 metres.

  4. Advice puts the dry total stopping distance at 100 km/h at 70 metres, and wet braking takes longer again.

  5. You settle at a speed whose stopping distance fits inside the lit road, and stretch the gap ahead.

Where learners go wrong

  • Answering that a learner has a zero alcohol limit. The lower limit is 20 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of blood.

  • Quoting a stopping distance as a legal requirement. The metres are advice; article 7 is the duty.

  • Bringing in a table in feet and miles per hour from another country. Irish figures are metric.

  • Thinking a hands-free call breaks the phone rule. What the section bans is holding the phone.

  • Expecting a drug question to turn on impairment. Being at or above the level set in law is the offence on its own.

Sources

Test yourself

Short test on this lesson

Choose an answer, then open the explanation to see the rule behind it.

1 of 17
  1. Question 2

    What reaction distance does RSA guidance use at 100 km/h in dry conditions?

    • A20 metresCorrect answer
    • B16 metres
    • C24 metres
    • D50 metres
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: A

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road uses a reaction distance of 20 metres at 100 km/h in dry conditions.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distances in dry conditions, Table 5, PDF page 125, checked on 2026-09-15.

  2. Question 3

    A taxi driver is carrying a paying passenger. Is the driver a specified person for drink limits?

    • ANo, because the passenger is paying
    • BOnly if the taxi driver has penalty points
    • COnly during the first year of taxi work
    • DYes, while working as a taxi driverCorrect answer
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: D

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 3 includes a taxi driver while working in the definition of a specified person.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic (No. 2) Act 2011 (No. 28 of 2011) and the Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (No. 37 of 2013), Section 3(1), definition of specified person, checked on 2026-09-15.

  3. Question 4

    What following gap does RSA guidance advise on a wet road?

    • AAt least two seconds
    • BAt least four secondsCorrect answer
    • CExactly three seconds
    • DA fixed distance of 20 metres
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: B

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road advises at least double the dry gap in wet conditions, giving at least four seconds.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Following distance guidance, PDF page 117, checked on 2026-09-15.

  4. Question 5

    A drug leaves a driver unable to control a car properly. Can the impaired-driving offence apply?

    • ANo, it applies only to alcohol
    • BNo, unless alcohol is also present
    • COnly if the driver exceeds an alcohol limit
    • DYes, drugs are included as intoxicantsCorrect answer
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: D

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4 covers alcohol, drugs or both when an intoxicant makes a driver unable to control the vehicle.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), Section 4(1), checked on 2026-09-15.

  5. Question 6

    A driver tests below the measured alcohol limit but drink has left the driver unable to control the car properly. Is this an offence?

    • ANo, because only the measured limit matters
    • BNo, unless a collision occurs
    • CYes, inability to control the car is enoughCorrect answer
    • DYes, but only on a motorway
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: C

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4 makes it an offence to drive while affected by an intoxicant so that proper control is lost.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), Section 4(1), checked on 2026-09-15.

  6. Question 7

    A category D licence holder is driving a bus. Which drink-limit group applies?

    • AThe group for any full licence held for years
    • BThe group for drivers over 70 only
    • CThe specified-person groupCorrect answer
    • DThe group for supervising passengers
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: C

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 3 places a category D licence holder in the specified-person group while driving a bus.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic (No. 2) Act 2011 (No. 28 of 2011), Section 3(1), definition of specified person, checked on 2026-09-15.

  7. Question 8

    According to RSA guidance, what is the total stopping distance at 120 km/h in dry conditions?

    • A70 metres
    • B81 metres
    • C121 metres
    • D102 metresCorrect answer
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: D

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road gives a total dry stopping distance of 102 metres at 120 km/h.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distance at 120 km/h, PDF page 150, checked on 2026-09-15.

  8. Question 9

    What total stopping distance does RSA guidance give for 50 km/h in wet conditions?

    • A25 metres
    • B26 metres
    • C49 metres
    • D36 metresCorrect answer
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: D

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road combines 10 metres of reaction distance and 26 metres of braking distance for a 36 metre total.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distances in wet conditions, Table 6, PDF page 126, checked on 2026-09-15.

  9. Question 10

    A driver's blood contains cannabis at or above the set level, but the driving appeared normal. Can the set-level offence apply?

    • AYes, proof of impaired driving is not requiredCorrect answer
    • BNo, poor control must always be proved
    • CNo, unless alcohol is also present
    • DYes, but only after a collision
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: A

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4 provides a set-level drug offence that does not depend on proof that driving was impaired.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic Act 2016 (No. 21 of 2016), Section 4(1A) and (1B), checked on 2026-09-15.

  10. Question 11

    What driving consequence does a current lower-level drink driving fixed penalty notice carry?

    • AThree penalty points only
    • BA period of disqualificationCorrect answer
    • CA warning without disqualification
    • DA theory test retake only
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: B

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 29 provides for disqualification; penalty points were replaced for these notices in October 2018.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 2018 (No. 18 of 2018), Section 29(1), (2), (7) and (8), checked on 2026-09-15.

  11. Question 12

    What total stopping distance does RSA guidance give for 100 km/h in dry conditions?

    • A50 metres
    • B52 metres
    • C102 metres
    • D70 metresCorrect answer
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: D

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road adds 20 metres of reaction distance to 50 metres of braking distance for a 70 metre total.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distances in dry conditions, Table 5, PDF page 125, checked on 2026-09-15.

  12. Question 13

    What total stopping distance does RSA guidance give for 80 km/h in dry conditions?

    • A36 metres
    • B49 metres
    • C52 metresCorrect answer
    • D70 metres
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: C

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road gives 16 metres for reaction and 36 metres for braking, making 52 metres in total.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distances in dry conditions, Table 5, PDF page 125, checked on 2026-09-15.

  13. Question 14

    Must a parked car's engine have started before the in-charge drink driving offence can apply?

    • ANo, movement or starting the engine is not requiredCorrect answer
    • BYes, the engine must be idling
    • CYes, the car must travel at least 1 metre
    • DNo, but the headlights must be on
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: A

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 5 concerns being in charge in a public place with intent to drive, so the engine need not be started.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), Section 5, checked on 2026-09-15.

  14. Question 15

    What braking distance does RSA guidance give at 60 km/h in dry conditions?

    • A12 metres
    • B21 metresCorrect answer
    • C33 metres
    • D36 metres
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: B

    RSA guidance in the Rules of the Road gives 21 metres as the braking part of the 33 metre total at 60 km/h.

    Citation

    Source: Rules of the Road, Road Safety Authority, Revision No. 9, May 2026 (guidance, not law), Stopping distances in dry conditions, Table 5, PDF page 125, checked on 2026-09-15.

  15. Question 16

    What is the maximum prison term on conviction for drink or drug driving under section 4?

    • A3 months
    • B12 months
    • C6 monthsCorrect answer
    • D2 years
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: C

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 4 sets a maximum of 6 months in prison, and the court may also impose a fine.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), Section 4(5), checked on 2026-09-15.

  16. Question 17

    A car driver's first full licence was issued 3 years ago. Does that fact alone make the driver a specified person?

    • AYes, for the first 5 years
    • BNo, the first-licence period is 2 yearsCorrect answer
    • CYes, until the driver turns 25
    • DNo, because full licence holders never qualify
    Show the answerHide the answer

    Correct answer: B

    Road Traffic Act 2010, section 3 applies this part of the specified-person definition only for the first 2 years.

    Citation

    Source: Road Traffic Act 2010 (No. 25 of 2010), as amended by the Road Traffic (No. 2) Act 2011 (No. 28 of 2011), Section 3(1), definition of specified person, checked on 2026-09-15.

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